As a result, they argued, Iran should return to investing in the discontented Arab streets and Muslim masses, just as it did in the early 1980s. Unlike ʿAbd-al-Nāṣer, the shah trusted Anwar-al-Sādāt and supported his Middle East policy. And as we saw earlier, we see this attack by Hamas as a very severe attack, and we intend to hold them accountable for their aggression against Israel," IDF spokesperson Lieutenant Colonel Jonathan Conricus told Newsweek. Il est clair, du côté chinois, que le renforcement des liens bilatéraux ne revient pas à une alliance anti-occidentale. MUSCAT – Arab diplomatic sources closely monitoring the situation in the Gulf said that the Sultanate of Oman’s welcoming attitude towards the Bahraini-Israeli peace agreement is an additional indication that it is next in line to fully normalising relations with Israel. In the past, Turkey's ties with Israel have caused various disagreements between Ankara and Tehran. Jackob Nimrodi, an intelligence officer, was originally assigned to Persia on a Mossad mission, and later returned to Persia as military attaché and private businessman (Nimrodi, pp. Hezbollah fighters cracked the codes of Israeli radio communications, intercepting reports on the casualties they had inflicted. Israel-Iran Relations: A Native Poet's Perspective Poet Roya Hakakian is both Iranian and Jewish, and in an op-ed in Sunday's New York Times, she argues that the two nations share an … On April 10, an explosion rocked the Natanz nuclear facility in Iran—the most recent salvo in a long-running shadow war between the Islamic Republic and the forces seeking to prevent it from reaching the military nuclear threshold. America’s position and credibility in the region has significantly suffered due to the ever-increasing chaos in Iraq that followed the fall of Saddam in 2003. Accordingly, strategists on the Iranian side contended that investing politically in the possibility of friendly relationship with the United States and in the Arab governments could not be a successful long-term strategy for Iran. A potential rapprochement could mean a de-escalation in their regionwide contention for influence and a recalibration of their top priorities. Although domestic concerns regulated relations in the initial years of Israel’s independence, later regional and domestic developments encouraged the expansion of ties. Until the regime's last moments, Israel had hoped that a military coup would save its … On 6 March, 1950 while the Majlis was in New Year recess, the government recognized Israel de facto, without formal announcement. According to David Kimche, “We weren’t happy with the idea of exporting the Revolution, but between the two, Iraq was a greater threat and we didn’t want to see Iraq win” (Interview, 22 October 2004). Israel also stressed the financial benefit to Persia, as Israel would supply Persia with the raw materials it needed to import. ʿAli Fallāḥ-nežād, Monasabāt-e Irān wa Esrāʾil dar dawra-e Pahlavi-e Dovvom, Tehran, 1982. Bush argued that Saddam was needed to balance Iran (Interview, Wilkerson). These Persian refugees asked Tehran to interfere on their behalf to redeem their properties. 101-6). Relations between Israel and Iran further deteriorated after Iran deployed 1,000 Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) troops to the Beqaa valley in 1982 in response to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon. Though it is often believed that Iran helped form Hezbollah to target Israel, Iranian calculations regarding Hezbollah had far more to do with spreading the Iranian revolution than countering the Jewish state. In the wake of the past two decades of acrimony between Iran and Israel, it may be hard to imagine that the countries ever had friendly relations and cooperation on multiple levels.Yet they were once friends and allies. ), and Israel was viewed as a potential partner. Although certain projects aimed at transferring oil through pipelines (from Eilat to Beer Sheva) were examined previously, after the closure of the Suez Canal in 1967, Persia and Israel embarked on a joint venture to construct the Eilat-Ashkelon Pipeline. 58-169; Welāyati, 2001, p. 41; Fallāḥ-nežād, pp. Finally, from a domestic political perspective, Netanyahu’s aim was to turn the Israeli public against the Oslo process and end the land for peace formula. Whenever an Israeli soldier was killed, Hezbollah confirmed it by listening to the Israeli radio and then sent the reports immediately to its satellite TV station, Al-Manar, which broadcast the news live. Sohrab Sobhani, The Pragmatic Entente: Israeli-Iranian Relations, 1948-1988, New York, 1989; tr. Daily news headlines & detailed briefings enjoyed by half a million readers. diss., George Washington University, 1971. The strategic value of Israel for Persia in meeting the challenges of internal subversion and regional aggression further encouraged the cultivation of closer economic ties as well as security and intelligence cooperation since the late 1950s. In 1942, Zionist agencies sent emissaries to provide Persian Jewry with education and indoctrination. They're supporting them. Both Iran and Israel have proven to be effective spoilers, yet inadequate builders of a new order. Persia’s involvement in Lebanon and support for Islamist movements (Hamas, Hizballah and Islamic Jihad) has made it more directly involved it in the Arab-Israeli conflict. By the end of the thirty-four day war, Hezbollah had won a stunning victory by simply having withstood and survived Israel’s onslaught. 94-102, 121). Although these hesitant initial steps gained significant momentum since the White Revolution (a series of economic and social reforms announced by the shah in January 1963), they remained informal. Ce second volet débute avec la conférence de Madrid et la volonté des États-Unis de pacifier les relations entre Israël et ses voisins du Moyen-Orient. Labor’s landslide victory, the Arabs’ military weakness, and the PLO’s near-collapse led the Labor Party to conclude that Israel’s long-term security would be better served by befriending the Arab states of Israel’s vicinity, instead of the non-Arab states in its periphery. While Iran has actively sought to undermine any peace settlement between Israel and the Palestinians that would intensify Iran’s isolation, Israel has actively undermined efforts to improve U.S.-Iran relations due to its fear that Washington would betray Israeli interests in order to patch up its relations with Tehran. These fears turned out to be unfounded, however. Meir Ezri, Mir vaḵem mi-kol ʿamo/Anyone of His People Among You: Mission in Iran, Or Yehuda, 2001 (in Hebrew). Accordingly, the Likud strategists needed to keep the Iran option alive. The Persian efforts to get support from the United States, combined with American interest in securing Persian recognition of Israel, provided fertile ground for Israeli lobbying. As argued by a Iranian political strategist, “in Iran, the perception was that Likud is not serious about peace, so they do not need a scapegoat [Iran]. During the 1948 war, Persia showed tacit solidarity with the Arab states, but proved reluctant to involve itself in combat. Depuis 2005 [ 1], l’Etat d’Israël évoque officiellement, et plus fortement depuis quelques mois, une possible attaque préventive afin de contrer un Iran doté de l’arme nucléaire ; possibilité que dément l’Iran, qui … David Menashri, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 26 October 26, 2004. Shimon Peres followed the same line and even made open threats directed at Iran, stressing that Israel could take action against Iran (Menashri, p. 295). The order it seeks today is equally disconnected from regional realities. He recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and moved the U.S. embassy there from Tel Aviv, a reversal of longstanding U.S. policy that has stoked major tensions since 2018. It's well known, it's a fact," the Israeli official said. 159-201; Fallāḥ-nežād, pp. The Sunnis are Iran’s natural foe, not Israel. Initially just a small number of armed groups of young men organized under the banner of Islam and dedicated to fighting the Israeli occupation, over time they banded together into what has proved to be one of Israel’s most formidable foes, the Lebanese Hezbollah. After September 11, officials in the Ḵātami government convinced the conservative clerical establishment to provide Washington with considerable assistance in the war against the Taliban (Ṭālebān) and in the reconstruction of Afghanistan’s political system. Though military and intelligence cooperation with Israel has at times been seen as necessary to advance Iran’s geo-strategic goals primarily the balancing of threats emanating from Iran’s Arab neighbors ties to the Jewish state has impeded the attainment of Iran’s second goal; that of achieving long-term security by befriending the Arab/Sunni states in its immediate neighborhood and gaining legitimacy for Iran’s quest for supremacy. Proponents of this school of thought pointed out that Ḵātami’s efforts at détente with the United States and the Arab governments had failed to win Iran recognition for its security interests in the region. Iran-Iraq War. The next impetus for extending relations was the impressive Israeli military show in the Sinai campaign (October 1956), which also opened the port of Eilat to the Red Sea shipping, thus further assisting trade. Published on 8/2/2015 at 1:00 AM. Retour sur une spirale funeste qui menace de semer le chaos. Erdogan also spoke with Abbas, as did a number of Arab leaders including Jordanian King Abdullah II and Tunisian President Kais Saied, both of whose countries have long histories backing Fatah and the Palestine Liberation Organization it leads. "They know that by doing that they're getting a lot of support from Palestinians in the West Bank, and actually, this whole thing about shooting rockets from the West Bank to Israel, that was their way to show the people in the West Bank that they are in charge of the situation.". ʿAli-Akbar Hāšemi Rafsanjāni, Esrāʾil va Qods-e ʿaziz, Qom, n.d. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics Ayatollah Ruḥ-Allāh Ḵomeyni, Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini, tr. The shah’s efforts to distance Iran from Israel went so far that Israel feared that the Iranian monarch would severe all ties with the Jewish State (Segev, p. 89). Coming In the Jewish collective memory, Persia is cherished as a friendly nation. This pipeline initially transferred annually more than ten million tons of oil, which was more than Israel’s annual consumption (Ezri, pp. Viewing himself as a benevolent leader following in the footsteps of Cyrus the Great probably reinforced his tolerant approach to religious minorities and his friendship with Israel, whose officials persistently made flattering comparisons between the two men in their joint-meetings. Interviews: Yossi Alpher, former Mossad official and senior advisor to Ehud Barak, Tel Aviv, 27 October 2004. In September 1957, General Teymur Baḵtiār, deputy prime minister and head of the newly established SAVAK (Sāzmān-e eṭṭelāʿāt wa amniyat-e kešvar) met in Paris with the Israeli ambassador (Yaacov Zur) offering cooperation in the exchange of intelligence, a suggestion Israel warmly welcomed (Hacham, p. 81; Sobhani, pp. The Arabs had been wary of the shah’s ambitions, but they were terrified by Khomeini’s revolutionary designs (Menashri, p. 207). In 1947, serving on the UN Special Committee for Palestine, Persia was one of the three states that voted against Palestine’s partition, favoring a federal solution. The other watershed event was the United Stated did not invite Iran to the multilateral talks at the Madrid conference in October 1991. But they are engaged in diplomacy, albeit indirectly, as part of an ongoing effort to oversee a U.S. reentry into a 2015 nuclear deal abandoned three years ago by former President Donald Trump. Between 1973 and 1974 alone, Israeli exports to Persia almost doubled (State of Israel, p. 101; see also data in Welāyati, 2001, pp. As a result, in spite of its anti-Israeli ideology and rhetoric, geo-strategic forces compelled Iran to avoid any direct confrontation with Tel Aviv. Out of these dealings that supported Iran in this new phase, Israel aimed at improving its relationship with Iran, on the grounds that Iraq was a serious military power and a greater threat, while hoping that the new regime in Iran would reconsider its relationship with Israel and recognize the benefit of mutual interest. Muslim masses were increasingly anti-American and opposed to their own pro-American regimes. 68-74; Fallāḥ-nežād, pp. Through these conciliatory measures, Netanyahu sought to avoid any unnecessary provocation against Iran that could lead to similar attacks with unpredictable political consequences. Iran and Israel have had rocky relations for decades, and recently, the tension seems is rising. Two days later, Deputy Defense Minister Zippori announced that Israel would provide military aid to Iran if it changed its hostile approach to the Jewish state (Associated Press, 28 September 1980). Relations Israël-Iran. David Menashri, Post-Revolutionary Politics in Iran: Religion, Society, and Power, London, 2001. It's not a new thing. Haim Watzman, New York, 1988. ), and stress the good will Israel has shown toward Persian nationals in Israel. The shah’s quest to legitimize Iran’s hegemony through American backing, strong ties and military aid to the regions moderate Arab government, and financial aid to the more radical Arab states, combined with public distancing from Israel, ultimately failed to persuade the Arabs to grant Iran the role it aspired. So, why do Israel and Iran hate each other? Par ailleurs, la Chine a de bonnes relations avec l’Iran, mais aussi avec ses ennemis jurés dans la région, l’Arabie saoudite, les Émirats et Israël. "We hope the talks [between Iran and Saudi Arabia] will succeed, and we expect that this would help stabilize Iran and the whole region," the Hamas spokesperson said. Iran is the secret matchmaker in Israeli-Arab relations - opinion Despite their own propaganda and rhetoric, the secular Arab regimes long ago figured out … Relations got a big chill in 1979 when revolutionary forces overthrew Iran’s government and severed all ties with Israel, and the hostility was cemented in 1982 with Israel’s invasion of Lebanon. While Persia’s national interests and the last shah’s pro-Western tendencies have led to a somewhat tolerant approach, as a Muslim state influenced heavily by the ulama, hostile attitudes remained prevalent. Iran permitted the United States to use Iranian airfields and helped repair America’s relations with the Northern Alliance. In their view, not only was Peres’ vision of the New Middle East inherently flawed, his strategy of demonizing Iran was also contrary to Israel’s national interest in the sense that it significantly reduced the possibility of reviving the Iranian-Israeli entente, which the Likud viewed as next to inevitable in case of a failure to reach an accord with the Palestinians. 257-60. Nevertheless, in spite of extensive Israeli-Iranian intelligence and military cooperation, Iranian government refrained from recognizing Israel de jure, precisely due to the need to win regional approval and support for Iran’s leadership ambitions. Currently, this rivalry, set in motion by the dramatic redistribution of power in the region following the Persian Gulf War and the ensuing efforts to establish a new regional order, is still in effect and has hampered the attainment of the United States foreign policy objectives in the Middle East. Thus, while Persia views Israel as the enemy of Persia, Islam, and mankind, Israel regards Persia as the primary threat to its existence and to the safety of the free world; and whereas Persia volunteered to hoist the anti-Israel flag, Israel undertook to lead the anti-Persian camp. Once Iran obtained a nuclear capability, however, this option would no longer be available to Israel. Les liens de proximité et d’amitié entre les deux pays se sont détériorés au point de se muer en hostilité irréconciliable. ", According to the statement, the Saudi Foreign Ministry "reaffirms that the Kingdom stands with the Palestinian people, and supports all efforts aimed at ending the occupation and reaching a just and comprehensive solution to the Palestinian issue, enabling the Palestinian people to establish their independent Palestinian state on the 1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital, in accordance with international resolutions and the Arab Peace Initiative. Gradually, political realities forced a measure of contact between Israel and Persia. ", As for Washington's take on the burgeoning discussions between Riyadh and Tehran, Secretary of State Antony Blinken told reporters last week that the two rivals' talks could be a "good thing. In the early 1970s, several regional developments threatened to obstruct their flourishing relations. In the words of an AIPAC representative, “Blaming the Iranians for Palestinian terrorism would be counterproductive to his message that terror was coming from the Palestinians” (Interview, AIPAC representative, 25 March 2004).
Louis Tomlinson Kalender, Noël à Jérusalem Paroles, Venom 2 Film, Visa Cuba Suisse, être Crispé Définition, Haya Bint Al-hussein, Bob Marley Greatest Hits 2020, Emoji Drapeau Mexique, The 1953 Coup D'etat In Iran, Dub Inc Chanson Officielle 2019,