The earliest known settlement was identified at Monte Verde, near Puerto Montt in Southern Chile. Select basic ads. Latin American independence In Latin America, the Spanish and Portuguese had a great influence and political control in the countries; they used oppression, slavery, and racism as tools of their colonization. The Independence of Latin America The Independence of Latin America was a process caused by years of injustices, discriminations, and abuse, from the Spanish Crown upon the inhabitants of Latin America. ThoughtCo. Harvey, Robert. Simon Bolivar: A Life. It was in the 19 th century when American born … It had already lost control of Hispaniola due to uprisings by enslaved people in Haiti. Create a personalised ads profile. Although Spain lost all of their colonies on the mainland by 1825, it retained control over Cuba and Puerto Rico. Its leader gone, the Mexican Independence movement almost failed, but the command was assumed by José María Morelos, another priest, and a talented field marshal. Independence in Latin America Social Studies for 9th E.G.B. It’s often the case that these Independence Days are national holidays. Spanish Americans now found themselves able to trade legally with other colonies, as well as with any neutral countries such as the United States. After the war, Cuba became a US protectorate and was granted independence in 1902. Interesting, yet compact history of Latin America's independence movements is good enough to satisfy the knowledge of most who don't wish to read similar books of more than 200 pages. The reforms imposed by the Spanish Bourbons in the 18th century provoked great instability in the relations between the rulers and their colonial subjects in the Americas. Since the Latin American countries’ independence – and even today – large countries inside and outside the region have competed in this area. 1st edition, Harry N. Abrams, September 1, 2000. Leaders in Latin America tended to shy away from the more socially radical European doctrines. The independence struggle in northern Latin America began in 1806 when Venezuelan Francisco de Miranda first attempted to liberate his homeland with British help. Although shielding itself with a pretense of loyalty to Ferdinand, the junta produced by that session marked the end of Spanish rule in Buenos Aires and its hinterland. Another major attempt at independence took place in 1895 when ragtag forces including Cuban poet and patriot José Martí were defeated at the Battle of Dos Ríos. Distinct interests and long-standing resentment of the viceregal capital led different regions in the south to pursue separate destinies. It’s a limited concept but a useful one that first gets illustrated by the Latin American experience but then also by experiences later in the 20th century in many parts of Africa, Southeast Asia, etc. Along with his close friend and subordinate Antonio José de Sucre, Bolívar won two important victories in 1824: at Junín, on August 6, and at Ayacucho on December 9. Its occupation dates to some 14,000 years ago and there is some disputed evidence of even earlier occupation. The earliest settlements in the Americas are of the Las Vegas Culturefrom about 800… If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Christopher Minster, Ph.D., is a professor at the ​Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. The complexity and uncertainty of the current global political and economic situation in Latin America lie behind the competition between the major powers in geopolitics and international relations. This article bridges the colonial and the national period in a discussion of the independence movements. During 1808–10 juntas emerged to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII. None were successful, however, and Puerto Rico did not become independent from Spain until 1898 as a result of the Spanish-American War. In Puerto Rico, nationalist forces staged occasional uprisings, including a notable one in 1868. Newland, Carlos and Coatsworth, John 2000. The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826 New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1986. Occurrences in Europe in the early 19th century created a deep political divide between Spain and its American colonies. By the first millennium CE, South America's vast rainforests, mountains, plains and coasts were the home of tens of millions of people. Shortly after Charles had abdicated in favour of his son Ferdinand, Napoleon had them both imprisoned. Between 1808 and 1826 all of Latin America except the Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico slipped out of the hands of the Iberian powers who had ruled the region since the conquest. Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History, Vol. Independence in Latin American (HOLT) Early Struggles in Latin America By the early 1800s growing tensions among the different ethnic and social groups of Latin American society, as well as reforms imposed by colonial authorities in Europe, were leading to demands for change. Over the course of millennia, people spread to all parts of the continents. In 1817 San Martín, a Latin American-born former officer in the Spanish military, directed 5,000 men in a dramatic crossing of the Andes and struck at a point in Chile where loyalist forces had not expected an invasion. Since Spain had rule over the Latin American countries, the Creoles were one of many groups that led the struggle for Latin Independence. Creole participants in conspiracies against Portugal and Spain at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century showed familiarity with such European Enlightenment thinkers as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Montesquieu, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Independence in Mexico was sparked by Father Miguel Hidalgo, a priest living and working in the small town of Dolores. After three centuries of colonial rule, independence came rather suddenly to most of Spanish and Portuguese America. The rebellion by the thirteen British colonies in North America from Great Britain was spurred by several factors, including a number of imposed taxes, repressive acts, and the lack of American representation in British government. Having had a taste of freedom during their political and economic isolation from the mother country, Spanish Americans did not easily consent to a reduction of their power and autonomy. "How Latin America Gained Independence from Spain." When the Spanish colonial officials proved ineffective against the invasion, a volunteer militia of Creoles and peninsulars organized resistance and pushed the British out. He and a small group of conspirators started the rebellion by ringing the church bells on the morning of September 16, 1810. Caught between the loyalism of Spanish officers and the imperialist intentions of Buenos Aires and Portuguese Brazil, the regional leader José Gervasio Artigas formed an army of thousands of gauchos. Create a personalised content profile. In 1817, he crossed the Andes into Chile, where Bernardo O'Higgins and his rebel army had been fighting the Spanish to a draw since 1810. Still, these ideas were not, strictly speaking, causes of independence. After initial victories there, the forces from Buenos Aires retreated, leaving the battle in the hands of local Creole, mestizo, and Indian guerrillas. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The first chapter deals with the origins of independence from Spain; the next two consider the struggle for independence in Mexico and Central America and in Spanish South America. Two years later it produced a new, liberal constitution that proclaimed Spain’s American possessions to be full members of the kingdom and not mere colonies. Independence in Latin America by Richard Graham, 9780292745346, available at Book Depository with free delivery worldwide. Without denouncing Ferdinand, Creoles throughout most of the region were moving toward the establishment of their own autonomous governments. Central authority proved unstable in the capital city of Buenos Aires. After its revolution of May 1810, the region was the only one to resist reconquest by loyalist troops throughout the period of the independence wars. Others did not suffer during the second half of the 18th century; indeed, the gradual loosening of trade restrictions actually benefited some Creoles in Venezuela and certain areas that had moved from the periphery to the centre during the late colonial era. By 1815 Artigas and this force dominated Uruguay and had allied with other provinces to oppose Buenos Aires. His ragtag army made it partway to the capital before being driven back, and Hidalgo himself was captured and executed in July of 1811. He fought for Spain against Napoleon in the Peninsular War but returned to Latin America to fight for independence. Bolívar fought the Spanish in Venezuela, Ecuador, and Colombia for several years, decisively beating them several times. In May 1810 prominent Creoles in Buenos Aires, having vied with peninsulars for power in the intervening years, forced the last Spanish viceroy there to consent to a cabildo abierto, an extraordinary open meeting of the municipal council and local notables. When Napoleon turned on his Spanish allies in 1808, events took a disastrous turn for Spain and its dominion in the Americas. University of California Press, March 18, 1993. Google Scholar Many Latin American scholars have also considered the relationships between Cubans and Latin Americans and the experiences of Cubans in Latin America during the independence process. The rapidity and timing of that dramatic change were the result of a combination of long-building tensions in colonial rule and a series of external events. However, those profits merely whetted those Creoles’ appetites for greater free trade than the Bourbons were willing to grant. Minster, Christopher. Lynch, John. Moreover, the influence of those ideologies was sharply restricted; with few exceptions only small circles of educated, urban elites had access to Enlightenment thought. Published by McGraw-Hill, "Independence in Latin America: A Comparative Approach" covers most of the movements in the region, from Mexico to Chile's Tierra de Fuego. Its task, however, was formidable. But they all share a great bond, the country of their ancestors. In 1807 the Spanish king, Charles IV, granted passage through Spanish territory to Napoleon’s forces on their way to invade Portugal. Select personalised ads. Store and/or access information on a device. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/independence-from-spain-in-latin-america-2136406. This attempt failed, but Miranda returned in 1810 to head up the First Venezuelan Republic with Simón Bolívar and others. 18, Issue. San Martin also spent his youth in Spain and was a career military officer. Spanish nationalists opposed to his ascendance responded by setting up a Central Junta in Seville. Minster, Christopher. Across the Río de la Plata from Buenos Aires, Montevideo and its surroundings became the separate Estado Oriental (“Eastern State,” later Uruguay). He joined forces with Bernardo O’Higgins, son of Peru’s former viceroy to free Chile. Select personalised content. After difficult conquests of their home regions, the two movements spread the cause of independence through other territories, finally meeting on the central Pacific coast. The Spanish sent out a young officer, Agustín de Iturbide, at the head of a large army to quash the rebellion once and for all in 1820. Villalpando, José Manuel. Major Battles of Mexico's Independence From Spain, Biography of Simon Bolivar, 'Liberator of South America', The Complete Story of Venezuela's Revolution for Independence, Biography of José Francisco de San Martín, Latin American Liberator, The "Cry of Dolores" and Mexican Independence, The U.S. INEPENENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA Introduction In 1776, the British colonists in North America declared their independence from We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are Great Britain. Below you will find a list of all the countries in Latin America with the dates by which they were declared independent. After independence was successfully achieved, during the 1820s, 1830s, and on into the 1840s, many Latin American nations exhibited what we call “new nations” problems. This topic, part of foundational narratives in the region, once represented the core of Latin American history. Argentina drew up its own government on May 25, 1810, in response to Napoleon's capture of Spain, although it would not formally declare independence until 1816. From there, troops under northern generals finally stamped out the last vestiges of loyalist resistance in Peru and Bolivia by 1826. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, The indigenous world and the word “Indian”, Conquest society in the central mainland areas, Institutional, legal, and intellectual developments, Spanish America in the age of the Bourbons, The north and the culmination of independence, Political models and the search for authority, Political and economic transitions, 1850–70, The United States and Latin America in the Cold War era, Latin America at the end of the 20th century. The independence movement in Latin America is a national independence movement, but its also a bourgeois revolution. The Independence of Latin America is a selection of chapters from the Cambridge History of Latin America Volume 3. Transforming these early initiatives into a break with Spanish control required tremendous sacrifice. Then there was the French Revolution, which began in 1789. from 1814 to the 1820s. The revolution was still simmering in 1898 when the United States and Spain fought the Spanish-American War. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Apply market research to generate audience insights. Argentina was the first to formally declare independence on July 9, 1816. 25, 2021, thoughtco.com/independence-from-spain-in-latin-america-2136406. The United States of America declared independence from Great Britain on July 4, 1776, thus becoming the first independent, foreign-recognized nation in the Americas and the first European colonial entity to break from its mother country. Rejecting compromise and reform, Ferdinand resorted to military force to bring wayward Spanish-American regions back into the empire as colonies. Measure content performance. Final destruction of loyalist resistance in the highlands required the entrance of northern armies. Buenos Aires achieved similarly mixed results in other neighbouring regions, losing control of many while spreading independence from Spain. (2021, April 25). Bourgeois is a name from the French revolution which means the new educated class of people who have some … At most, foreign ideas helped foster a more questioning attitude toward traditional institutions and authority. Use precise geolocation data. Teacher: Mauricio Torres Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Their forces routed, the Spanish signed a peace agreement shortly after the battle of Ayacucho. A constituent assembly meeting in 1813 adopted a flag, anthem, and other symbols of national identity, but the apparent unity disintegrated soon afterward.
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